Fixed Networks

A fixed network refers to a network infrastructure that connects users or subscribers to the communication services through physical, fixed-line connections. These connections are typically established using various transmission media, such as copper cables, fiber optics, or coaxial cables. Fixed networks are in contrast to wireless networks, where communication is facilitated through radio waves.

Here are key components and characteristics of fixed networks in telecom:

1. Infrastructure:
   • Cables: Fixed networks use physical cables to establish connections between the central office or exchange and the end-user premises. These cables can be made of copper, fiber optics, or coaxial materials.
   • Central Office/Exchange: This is a central hub where multiple communication lines converge. It is responsible for routing calls and managing connections within the network.
2. Access Technologies:
   • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Utilizes existing copper telephone lines to provide high-speed internet access.
   • Fiber Optics: Offers high-speed data transmission using optical fibers, capable of delivering large amounts of data over long distances.
   • Cable Modems: Use coaxial cables to provide internet access. These cables are often the same ones used for cable television.
3. Services:
   • Voice Services: Traditional fixed-line telephony services where users can make and receive voice calls.
   • Broadband Internet: High-speed internet access is a common service provided over fixed networks.
   • Television Services: Cable television services are often delivered through fixed networks, especially those using coaxial cables.
4. Reliability and Stability:
   • Fixed networks are generally known for their stability and reliability. Physical cables are less susceptible to interference and environmental factors compared to wireless signals.
5. Last-Mile Connectivity:
   • The "last mile" refers to the final leg of the telecommunications network that connects the end-user to the central office. Fixed networks aim to provide efficient and reliable last-mile connectivity.
6. Deployment:
   • Fixed networks require significant infrastructure investment for deployment. The physical laying of cables, especially for fiber optics, involves substantial planning and cost.
7. Regulation:
   • Fixed networks are often subject to regulatory frameworks to ensure fair competition and quality of service. Regulations may cover issues such as pricing, access to infrastructure, and service quality.

Fixed networks play a crucial role in providing essential communication services and have evolved over the years to accommodate higher data speeds and additional services beyond traditional voice communication.